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There are a number of documented cases of historical figures and distinguished members of society who were kidney stone formers. This condition is caused by nephrolithiasis, which are more commonly known as kidney stones, or urolithiasis, where the stone forms in the urinary system. These are crystal deposits that can accrete in the urinary system when certain chemical substances become concentrated in the urine. Among the symptoms associated with nephrolithiasis are intense colicky pain, nausea, fever, chills, and the reduction or blockage of urine flow. Historically, the condition of having a kidney or bladder stone was referred to as "the stone" or "the gravel". In certain cases, kidney stone formation played a pivotal role in history. Most notably, some members of the royalty and military leaders became debilitated at important moments, such as Napoleon III of France〔 during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and Athenian commander Nicias in the disastrous Sicilian Expedition of 415-413 BC.〔 Despite this condition, artists such as Arthur Sullivan〔 and Michel de Montaigne〔 managed to produce historically distinguished works; providing an example of perseverance in the face of severe and chronic pain. The medical advances of the twentieth century have allowed patients to survive the condition, whereas in the past it may have proven debilitating or fatal (as shown by the examples below). Kidney stones can reach exceptional size. In December 2003, a kidney stone weighing 356 g (12.5 oz) was removed from the right kidney of Peter Baulman of Australia. At its widest point, the stone measured 11.86 cm (4.66 in). In 2009, a 1.1 kg (2.48 lb) stone spanning 17 cm was surgically removed from Sandor Sarkadi in Debrecen, Hungary. As of August 2006, the most kidney stones ever passed naturally was 5,704 by Canadian Donald Winfield. The largest number removed through surgery was 728, during a three-hour operation upon Mangilal Jain of India, on January 27, 2004. ==Actors and media figures== * In 1954, movie actress Ava Gardner was hospitalized in Madrid with kidney stones. In her torment, she apparently yelled curses that caused the Spanish nuns to blush. * During the shooting of the film ''Family Plot'', Alfred Hitchcock underwent surgery for colitis and a kidney stone. He was also fitted with a pacemaker. * Hollywood talent agent Lew Wasserman was suffering from a kidney stone during the 1970s. As he was about to embark on an oceanic voyage, he insisted that it be surgically removed despite the risk and the reluctance of his doctor. * Early in the filming of ''Live and Let Die'' (1973), actor Roger Moore was hospitalized from a pre-existing kidney stone condition. * During the shooting of the ''City Heat'' (1984), actor Burt Reynolds became debilitated from a kidney stone, and had to resort to medications to continue filming. He also suffered a broken jaw when struck by a metal chair and displayed inner ear problems. * Commentator Bill O'Reilly dislikes doctors, and so for two years he avoided medical attention for a kidney stone. It was surgically removed in 2002 and he was back on the air within four hours. * On October 19, 2005, while working on the set of ''Boston Legal'', actor William Shatner was taken to the emergency room for lower back pain. He eventually passed a kidney stone, but recovered and soon returned to work. Shatner sold his kidney stone in 2006 for $75,000 to GoldenPalace.com. The money went to a housing charity, and a home was built for a family which had lost theirs in Hurricane Katrina. * While writing his book ''A Year at the Movies'', former ''Mystery Science Theater 3000'' cast member Kevin Murphy (Tom Servo) passed a kidney stone, an experience he documented. * English radio producer Karl Pilkington was diagnosed with kidney stones in late August 2006.〔 〕 * Buzz Kilman, Chicago radio personality, took leave from the Steve Dahl show while on-air (announcing, "I gotta go") in order to have his kidney stone treated.〔 〕 * Other actors who have suffered through a kidney stone include Jamie Kennedy, Rob Schneider, Kiefer Sutherland, and Mike Vogel. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of kidney stone formers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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